Tomato Seed Production
by the Pound

We integrate tomato seed production at Snakeroot Organic Farm into our overall tomato production and marketing strategy.

Most of our 1/4 acre of tomatoes are marketed fresh at the six farmers' markets we attend each week. We grow about twenty varieties, hybrids and open pollinated, cherries, standards and paste, reds, pinks and yellows. About half of the number of varieties are heirlooms and half modern hybrids; heirlooms however make up about 80 percent of our production area. Starting in late August we continuously use two of our four dehydrators for drying tomatoes. Drying tomatoes makes good use of fruit with defects that won't go to the fresh market. Additionally we offer 20 pound boxes of canning tomatoes at our stands.

Yet drying and canners alone can't use up all those otherwise fine tomatoes with growth cracks, wireworm holes, mouse bites, and so forth. This is where seed saving comes in.

At the start of my first year of serious tomato seed production, when I had over two pounds of seed committed to FEDCO Seeds, I began by slicing tomatoes and scooping out the pulp and seeds into a five gallon bucket, just like the book said to do. Long before I filled my first bucket this way, I determined that this clearly was not the way to do it -- at least if I was ever going to get anything else done.

So I just started throwing the whole seed tomatoes into a bucket, filling one bucket after another, until I had two dozen buckets filled with tomatoes for contracted seed plus several more for varieties just to save for our farm use. Clipped to the rim of each bucket is a clothespin holding a slip of cardboard with the variety name in indelible marker. Cardboard, like from a cereal box, holds up better than paper in the weather.

Now I was faced with the prospect of still having to remove the seeds from inside the tomatoes. Experimentation determined that a strong spray from the hose wouldn't break apart the tomatoes. The kitchen potato masher seemed like it would work, but it didn't. I even considered removing my shoes and squashing them grape-fashion. After spending several days eyeing all those buckets while pondering how to proceed, Lois's daughter Lori suggested a drill powered paint mixer -- she even bought one for us. That did the trick.

If you've never seen one, a paint mixer is a rod about 18 inches long, one end of which fits into a power drill, and the other is equiped with a loose corkscrew-like fixture that actually does the job of mixing the paint -- or in my case, the tomatoes.

Before mixing, all the tomatoes should be ripe to the point of falling apart. A bucket should be no more than about three quarters full, lest the swirling tomatoes spill over the rim. Mixing a bucket takes about thirty to forty five seconds during which time the bucket contents are tranformed from individual tomatoes into tomato soup -- just the right consistency to leave for a week to ferment.

A week later I pour three buckets of stinking fermented tomato slop into my Wonder Wagon, a fifty gallon tub on wheels. (Wonder Wagon, produced in Windham, Maine, by True Engineering, Organic Growers Supply catalog No.9277.) During the fermenting week, the pulp and seed rise to the top of each bucket floating atop a yellowish thick fluid comprising two thirds the volume. Surprisingly few seeds sink to the bottom of this dense yellowish fluid, which means the fluid can be safely discarded after the pulp-and-seeds are poured off into the tub.

What follows is a somewhat wet and messy process and it is best to find a suitable location for it beforehand. To separate the seeds from the fermented pulp, a strong spray from a hose nozzle works well. Doubling or tripling the volume with this spray creates a deep foam and thins out the whole mess, allowing mature seed to sink to the bottom. Tomato seeds just barely sink, so when the slurry is too thich, the seeds remain suspended instead of sinking to the bottom. Thus the spray of water not only mixes up the slurry, but also thins it out to the point where the seeds can sink.

After allowing a moment for the seed to settle, the next step is to pour off everything that is floating. I pour into buckets -- which will be later carried to the compost pile -- until all that is left in the tub is seed and tiny tomato parts in about an inch of slurry.

Next I pour this last inch into a clean bucket and repeat a few times the strong hose spray then pouring off what floats until what remains is clear water with seed and small tomato parts at the bottom. I have come to be fairly aggressive in pouring off even the first few tomato seeds that start to be poured out, as these are the lightest of the seeds and less likely to germinate well.

What remains then gets poured through a colander over a second clean bucket. The colander I use has 5/32 inch holes which allow seeds, but not the last of the tomato debris, to pass through. (I determined the hole size by passing a 5/32 drill bit through the holes.) Again the spray from the hose is needed to coax the seed through the colander; this takes a few minutes.

After pouring off most of the water, refilling and pouring off again until the water is clear, the last inch of water and the clean seed is poured thru a tea strainer. The seed then goes into a quart yogurt container by inverting the container over the strainer and flipping everything over.

To eliminate seedborn diseases, the seed is then covered with a ten percent bleach solution (one part household bleach to nine parts water) and left to stand forty minutes.

After the bleach soak, the seed is rinsed with water and poured thru a second tea strainer (to avoid contamination from the pre-bleach-soak strainer), allowed to drain a bit, and then spread on newspaper to dry. If we are processing more than one variety at a time, we write the variety name right on the newspaper. What you actually have are small clumps of seed, small enough to dry in a few days. We stack seedling trays lined with several layers of newspaper behind a fan, and within two days the seeds are dry enough to rub between the palm of my hands until they are separated into individual seeds.

The seed is then stored in a recycled (non-tomato!) seed envelope and labeled with the variety, date, and a batch number -- if you are doing more than one batch of the same variety. Tomato seed will remain viable for several years if not abused in storage by high heat and/or moisture. In 2002 we successfully grew Nepal tomatoes from seed bought in 1992 and kept in the house at or near room temperature. To insure even longer life, you can put your seed packets in a ziplock freezer bag in the freezer. Because we store a fairly large quantity of both bought and saved seed, we store our seed in metal cans in the woodshed, where for three seasons the temperature is close to ideal. The metal cans reduce moisture absorbsion and prevent critters from chewing on the packets.

I have described here our tomato seed saving system that has developed over the past few years. It works well for us. My hope is that I may have given you a hint or two that will make your seed saving a bit easier, or even to inspire you to begin saving seeds for the first time. If while reading the above, you find you have developed an even better technique, please share it with us.

Tom Roberts and Lois Labbe operate Snakeroot Organic Farm in Pittsfield, Maine, where they market their two acres of certified organic produce, herbs and seeds at up to six farmers' markets a week from May til November. Tom can be contacted at tom@snakeroot.net This article and accompanying photos can be found at www.snakeroot.net/farm/seedsaving/. Note that the dates in the photos are in European format dd/mm/yyyy.